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High-vis works says Danish study

12-month project involved 3,400 cyclists being asked to wear high-visibility jackets when cycling

Researchers from Aalborg University in Denmark have conducted a study into the safety impact of high visibility clothing for cyclists. Their conclusions were that a brightly-coloured jacket significantly reduces your accident risk while cycling.

The 12-month project involved 6,800 amateur cyclists. After random selection, half the group were given a high-visibility bike jacket and promised to wear it each time they cycled while the other half cycled in their normal clothes. Participants were then asked to report any personal injury incidents they suffered over the course of the year.

The group who were asked to wear the jacket reported 38 per cent fewer incidents with other road users and 48 per cent fewer incidents involving vehicles. In addition to this, 37 per cent of those who were injured in the jacket-wearing group reported that they weren’t wearing the garment when the incident took place.

This reflects an uncertainty factor in the project – namely, the degree to which the test group wore the jacket. Researchers emailed participants once a month to ask whether the jacket was being worn and while the average usage rate over the year was 77 per cent, this varied from 80 per cent at the start of the project to just 30 per cent during the summer.

The jacket itself was designed specifically for the experiment and was a brightly-coloured shell jacket with limited reflecting material on it.

The researchers said of the garment:

“The goal was to create a visible jacket that the cyclists will consider smart and wanted to wear, not to create a jacket that would be considered a piece of safety equipment. The reason for this was that a safety efficient bicycle jacket will only improve traffic safety in practice if it finds a broad usage among the cyclists.”

In 2013, a University of Bath and Brunel University study found that no matter what clothing a cyclist wears, around 1-2 per cent of drivers will pass dangerously close. The researchers concluded that there is little a rider can do, by altering their outfit or donning a high-visibility jacket, to prevent the most dangerous overtakes from happening.

Also in 2013, an Australian study drew an important distinction between reflective clothing and hi-vis, highlighting that the former is the best way to be seen in the hours of darkness.

Rule 59 of the Highway Code states that cyclists should wear “light-coloured or fluorescent clothing which helps other road users to see you in daylight and poor light” and “reflective clothing and/or accessories (belt, arm or ankle bands) in the dark.”

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27 comments

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Bob's Bikes | 9 years ago
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With ref to the Bath & Brunel study, CHALK & CHEESE the Danish study doesn't even mention distance between passing vehicles, or how many of either group drove on cycle paths compaired with kms on roads etc.

It also raises the question as to how random or what criteria was used in picking which person went into which group, making the whole study and the results/conclusions reached highly dubious.

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hampstead_bandit | 9 years ago
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@don simon

I agree with your comments but a motorist explaining to police why the cyclist is dead, is just a bad outcome for the cyclist?

We already have permanent cycle lanes (thick white line) and asl (advanced stop line I.e. bike box) that motorists ignore because they are not enforced and therefore no consequences to dangerous / illegal actions.

Bringing in automatic liability would change driver behaviour, radically?

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Pjrob | 9 years ago
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The difficulty with getting riders to always use a jacket is significant in itself.
The danger is to make it compulsory.
With such a large proportion the likelihood is that the same would happen as with helmet law in Australia.
Such a large number of cyclists stopped using a bike altogether that there was a significant statistic saying lives were saved by the helmet.
The only place I know of that has a flouro jacket law is UAE and that has clearly shown itself to be simply against the bike altogether with other repressive policies also.

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banzicyclist2 | 9 years ago
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Attitude seems to be the biggest problem in UK. I've found taking the lane and riding assertively but also defensively works best for me, albeit now and again you meet on of the 1-2% then it's down to plain luck.

Light coloured / hi-vis helps but is not the answer in my opinion.

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CXR94Di2 | 9 years ago
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Anything that makes you stand out from the background is worthwhile, 2 watt led strobe lights, bright florescent clothing and reflective banding all are aids to safer riding. You can't do much as an individual against nutters who are either by ignorance or malice a danger to cyclists.

I have seen drivers fly by a cyclists with little space only to slow down to a crawl whilst passing a horse and rider. There needs to be a government and cycle orginisation television campaign to educate drivers of their ignorant/dangerous behaviour

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Kim | 9 years ago
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Looking at the original paper, it is notable that the research was carried out by the Department of Civil Engineering at Aalborg and Rambøll a large company which build motorways. Anyone get the feeling there is an agenda at play in this research?

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andyp | 9 years ago
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Worst dot study dot ever.

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Ramz | 9 years ago
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Another issue with the study is that it is not measuring the distance travelled by the two groups?

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Initialised | 9 years ago
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Definitely not a double blind study and lacks the use of radar as used in previous studies.

I find the best way to minimise close passes is to ride at least a metre from the kerb, usually in the leftmost tyre line and shoulder check when you hear a car coming.

The position tells the (lazy) brain what to do as it assumes you need as much space to the right as you've taken from the left, if you do get a close pass then you have wiggle room.

The shoulder check does two things, it lets the driver know that you know they are there and if there is a junction ahead it may cause them to think you intend to turn right. After the check, if it's safe move left maybe 10 to 30cm as if to say it's safe to pass me, they feel 'considered' so they give you plenty of room.

None of this will prevent the 1-2% of idiots from passing close. But wouldn't you rather have a metre of road than a foot if you need to be evasive in a hurry?

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jollygoodvelo replied to Initialised | 9 years ago
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Initialised wrote:

None of this will prevent the 1-2% of idiots from passing close. But wouldn't you rather have a metre of road than a foot if you need to be evasive in a hurry?

Agreed, of course. I also position based on the pavement conditions - I'm far happier riding close to a nice soft grass verge than a set of railings. Unfortunately, I'd suggest that unless you have eyes in the back of your head you won't know the difference between a) a 'too close' pass, b) a pass where the driver is trying to get as close as possible, for giggles, or c) a driver who isn't looking and is going to mow you down. Until it's too late, of course.

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jacknorell | 9 years ago
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...

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shay cycles | 9 years ago
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A study funded by the producer of a hi-vis jacket specially designed for that study finds that it works! What a surprise. Standard marketing technique which happens to disagree with any previous studies.

Couple of quotes from the paper itself:

"The bicycle jacket, cf. Figure 1, was designed specifically for the experiment and was a bright-coloured shell jacket with limited reflecting material on it. The goal was to create a visible jacket that the cyclists will consider smart and wanted to wear, not to create a jacket that would be considered a piece of safety equipment. The reason for this was that a safety efficient bicycle jacket will only improve traffic safety in practice if it finds a broad usage among the cyclists."

"The project was funded by TrygFonden who was also responsible for the design, production and distribution of jackets to the participants. The authors would like to take the opportunity to thank TrygFonden for the funding of and collaboration in this project."

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Kim | 9 years ago
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How many of these Danish cyclists were taking the lane and riding in heavy traffic?

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Welsh boy | 9 years ago
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"HiViz works by reflecting UV light"
Are you sure about that KiwiMike? Human eyes cant see UV so what is the point of having clothing which reflects it? Are you sure that it does not reflect visible light?

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jacknorell replied to Welsh boy | 9 years ago
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Welsh boy wrote:

"HiViz works by reflecting UV light"
Are you sure about that KiwiMike? Human eyes cant see UV so what is the point of having clothing which reflects it? Are you sure that it does not reflect visible light?

Quick Google would have answered your question:

http://www.croydoncyclist.co.uk/how-reflective-clothing-works/

Works by reflecting the UV back in a visible wavelength.

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fukawitribe replied to jacknorell | 9 years ago
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jacknorell wrote:
Welsh boy wrote:

"HiViz works by reflecting UV light"
Are you sure about that KiwiMike? Human eyes cant see UV so what is the point of having clothing which reflects it? Are you sure that it does not reflect visible light?

Quick Google would have answered your question:

http://www.croydoncyclist.co.uk/how-reflective-clothing-works/

Works by reflecting the UV back in a visible wavelength.

High visibility clothing is not a particular colour and is not necessarily reflective.

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jacknorell replied to fukawitribe | 9 years ago
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fukawitribe wrote:
jacknorell wrote:
Welsh boy wrote:

"HiViz works by reflecting UV light"
Are you sure about that KiwiMike? Human eyes cant see UV so what is the point of having clothing which reflects it? Are you sure that it does not reflect visible light?

Quick Google would have answered your question:

http://www.croydoncyclist.co.uk/how-reflective-clothing-works/

Works by reflecting the UV back in a visible wavelength.

High visibility clothing is not a particular colour and is not necessarily reflective.

You're conflating the reflective properties of all materials/items with engineered high-reflective materials such as retro-reflectives.

Everything you can see actually reflects light, or you wouldn't see it at all. Even matt black reflects light, just much less than gloss white things do.

So-called hiviz colours / flouro colours, specifically work by reflecting back UV in a visible wavelength, though the actual colour can be yellow, or green, or...

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fukawitribe replied to jacknorell | 9 years ago
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jacknorell wrote:
fukawitribe wrote:
jacknorell wrote:
Welsh boy wrote:

"HiViz works by reflecting UV light"
Are you sure about that KiwiMike? Human eyes cant see UV so what is the point of having clothing which reflects it? Are you sure that it does not reflect visible light?

Quick Google would have answered your question:

http://www.croydoncyclist.co.uk/how-reflective-clothing-works/

Works by reflecting the UV back in a visible wavelength.

High visibility clothing is not a particular colour and is not necessarily reflective.

You're conflating the reflective properties of all materials/items with engineered high-reflective materials such as retro-reflectives.

Everything you can see actually reflects light, or you wouldn't see it at all. Even matt black reflects light, just much less than gloss white things do.

So-called hiviz colours / flouro colours, specifically work by reflecting back UV in a visible wavelength, though the actual colour can be yellow, or green, or...

My point was that hi-viz does not specifically refer to materials that work by re-emitting UV in the visible spectrum, e.g. a lot of the older hi-viz stuff I used to see worked more on the retroflectives. People were arguing specific points masquerading as generalities.

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hampstead_bandit | 9 years ago
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Can't see colour of clothing making any real difference to attitude of UK motorists towards cyclists?

Now if we had automatic liability for motorists, you would see a dramatic change in attitude  3

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don simon fbpe replied to hampstead_bandit | 9 years ago
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hampstead_bandit wrote:

Can't see colour of clothing making any real difference to attitude of UK motorists towards cyclists?

Now if we had automatic liability for motorists, you would see a dramatic change in attitude  3

I've suggested in the past that a simple white line giving a designated cycle lane is the most reasonable solution for the money. Automatic liability, no. But an area where a driver has to do a hell of a lot of explaining as to why they were in a cycle lane when a cyclist was present and accident occured.
We also need to remember that not all cyclists are road using angels either and need to take our fair share of the responsibility (not popular).

I am wholeheartedly against the idea of being forced to wear particular items of clothing in the name of safety by Big Brother.

The main problems I find on the roads are pedestrians stepping into the road without looking, cars pulling out without looking (clothing not an issue if they don't look) and overtaking cars not giving enough space (they must have seen me irrespective of clothing).
The problem is one of attitude, not of clothing.

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KiwiMike | 9 years ago
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HiViz works by reflecting UV light. If there's no UV - like at night - there's no benefit over wearing other light-coloured clothing.

Given Sweden is flipping dark for half the year, you'd expect to see a major seasonal variation. Unless the jackets also had significant reflective properties - not measured by area, rather placement and quality.

And the other points raised in the article too, WRT general driver behaviour and road design.

It's very, very rare to be hit by a car. 1/3 of people who were hit weren't wearing it. Ergo it didn't work for the 2/3 who were.

"the control group has 199 solo accidents and the test group has 150 solo accidents. This difference is statistically significant. This is surprising since the higher visibility provided by the jacket could hardly have had any influence on the number of solo accidents. An explanation to the fewer solo accidents in the test group could be that the participants in the experiment are volunteers who believe in the effect of the jacket and thus have been affected by their belief to report accidents in such a manner that the test group reported fewer accidents than they should have objectively and the control group most likely a bit more. This hypothesis is supported by the participants’ answers in the final questionnaire of the project.

So the people wearing the jackets thought they were Magic Jackets, and didn't want to report accidents for fear of letting down the Magic Jacket Team. Sorry, but when shit like this creeps in and statistically skews the results, you've gotta question the outcome overall.

Given all the above, and the lack of a real smoking gun, I'm calling Meh on this. 70-Lumen rear light for daylight riding, 30-Lumen + decent reflective schizzle for the dark. Roll.

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joemmo replied to KiwiMike | 9 years ago
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KiwiMike wrote:

Given Sweden is flipping dark for half the year, you'd expect to see a major seasonal variation. Unless the jackets also had significant reflective properties - not measured by area, rather placement and quality.

Given that you're so keen on accurate data you might wish to note that Denmark and Sweden are not the same country. Also that Denmark is no further north than Scotland, similar to the most populated southern part of Sweden.

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KiwiMike replied to joemmo | 9 years ago
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joemmo wrote:
KiwiMike wrote:

Given Sweden is flipping dark for half the year, you'd expect to see a major seasonal variation. Unless the jackets also had significant reflective properties - not measured by area, rather placement and quality.

Given that you're so keen on accurate data you might wish to note that Denmark and Sweden are not the same country. Also that Denmark is no further north than Scotland, similar to the most populated southern part of Sweden.

Oh thank fuck. There I was booking tickets to Stockholm to validate some data points. Whew. Airpoints balance saved. Amsterdam it is.

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joemmo replied to KiwiMike | 9 years ago
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KiwiMike wrote:
joemmo wrote:
KiwiMike wrote:

Given Sweden is flipping dark for half the year, you'd expect to see a major seasonal variation. Unless the jackets also had significant reflective properties - not measured by area, rather placement and quality.

Given that you're so keen on accurate data you might wish to note that Denmark and Sweden are not the same country. Also that Denmark is no further north than Scotland, similar to the most populated southern part of Sweden.

Oh thank fuck. There I was booking tickets to Stockholm to validate some data points. Whew. Airpoints balance saved. Amsterdam it is.

Glad to help. Don't forget your sunscreen, Belgium's proximity to the equator makes it pretty hot all year round.

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pjclinch | 9 years ago
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They say "bright", but you can have bright that isn't hi-viz (my own preference, in fact). So is this really hi-viz?

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HalfWheeler | 9 years ago
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Hi-viz just gives the bastards something to aim for.

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mrmo | 9 years ago
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I might be wrong, Danish drivers on seeing a cyclist wearing hi-viz respond and give room.
UK drivers on seeing a cyclist don't give a s**t and carry on as before.

Hence both studies are correct and the real question is not whether hi-viz works, but how to get drivers to give a s**t about other road users when they encounter them?

edit, didn't the UK study show a non trivial change in behaviour when the hi-viz had Polite printed on the back? This is the point.

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