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High vis clothing doesn't make cars pass you more safely, says new study

Small but potentially lethal number of drivers will pass too close whatever you wear

If you feel like some drivers will pass too close no matter that you wear and that you’re being given less space on the road than you used to, a new study says you’re right, and indicates very strongly that you’re not safer if you wear high-vis in the daytime.

Researchers from the University of Bath and Brunel University found that no matter what clothing a cyclist wears, around 1-2% of drivers will pass dangerously close when overtaking. They also found that compared to Transport Research Laboratory findings in 1979, drivers today on average pass 61cm (2ft) closer to cyclists - 118cm compared to 179cm.

The researchers conclude that there is little a rider can do, by altering their outfit or donning a high-visibility jacket, to prevent the most dangerous overtakes from happening. Instead, they suggest, if we want to make cyclists safer, it is our roads, or driver behaviour, that need to change.

The research was conducted by Dr Ian Garrard from Brunel University and the project led by Dr Ian Walker from Bath University. Ian Walker is famous as the sometime wig-wearer who discovered in 2006 that cyclists are afforded more space by drivers if they appear to be female or are not wearing a helmet.

In this study, the two Dr Ians were trying to find out if drivers gave cyclists more room depending how skilled and experienced they looked. They expected that drivers would give more space to a rider who seemed inexperienced and less space to a rider who looked highly skilled.


The range of outfits worn during the research

Dr Garrard used an ultrasonic distance sensor to record how close each vehicle passed during his daily commute in Berkshire and outer London. Each day, he chose one of seven outfits at random, ranging from tight lycra racing cyclist clothes (signalling high experience) to a hi-viz vest with “novice cyclist” printed on the back (signalling low experience).

He sometimes also wore a vest that said he was video-recording his journey, or a vest modelled on a police jacket but with “POLITE” printed on the back. He rode the same bike, in the same way, every day and over several months collected data from 5690 passing vehicles.

The vest that mentioned video recording persuaded drivers to pass a little wider on average, tallying with anecdotes from helmet-cam users that drivers behave better when they know they are being recorded. However, there was no difference between the outfits in the most dangerous overtakes, where motorists passed within 50 cm of the rider. Whatever was worn, around 1-2% of motorists overtook within this extremely close zone.

Dr Ian Walker said: “Many people have theories to say that cyclists can make themselves safer if they wear this or that. Our study suggests that, no matter what you wear, it will do nothing to prevent a small minority of people from getting dangerously close when they overtake you.

“This means the solution to stopping cyclists being hurt by overtaking vehicles has to lie outside the cyclist. We can’t make cycling safer by telling cyclists what they should wear. Rather, we should be creating safer spaces for cycling – perhaps by building high-quality separate cycle paths, by encouraging gentler roads with less stop-start traffic, or by making drivers more aware of how it feels to cycle on our roads and the consequences of impatient overtaking.”

The researchers point out that while they found that wearing high-visibility clothing made no difference to the space left by overtaking drivers, they did not try to find out if it made cyclists more visible at junctions or at night.

However, they note that there is surprisingly little evidence that high-visibility clothing for cyclists and motorcyclists offers any safety benefits in daytime. This would further support the idea that there is no easy fix for riders’ safety from asking them to wear bright clothing.

The reduction in average passing distance between 1979 and today “could be a result of greater traffic volumes since the 1970s,” say the researchers, “or reduced levels of  bicycling which mean that the average motorist is less likely to have experience of bicycling themselves, and so is less understanding of a bicyclist’s needs.”

It occurs to us that it could also be linked to the increased width of modern cars. A 1979 Ford Escort Mk II was 1570mm wide (5ft 2in) while the modern equivalent Ford Focus is 1823mm wide (5ft 11 1/2in). However, Ian Walker points out that there was no difference in passing distance between wide four-wheel drive vehicles and standard cars in his 2007 study.

The paper - The influence of a bicycle commuter’s appearance on drivers’ overtaking proximities: An on-road test of bicyclist stereotypes, high-visibility clothing and safety aids in the United Kingdom - will be published in the journal Accident Analysis and Prevention.

John has been writing about bikes and cycling for over 30 years since discovering that people were mug enough to pay him for it rather than expecting him to do an honest day's work.

He was heavily involved in the mountain bike boom of the late 1980s as a racer, team manager and race promoter, and that led to writing for Mountain Biking UK magazine shortly after its inception. He got the gig by phoning up the editor and telling him the magazine was rubbish and he could do better. Rather than telling him to get lost, MBUK editor Tym Manley called John’s bluff and the rest is history.

Since then he has worked on MTB Pro magazine and was editor of Maximum Mountain Bike and Australian Mountain Bike magazines, before switching to the web in 2000 to work for CyclingNews.com. Along with road.cc founder Tony Farrelly, John was on the launch team for BikeRadar.com and subsequently became editor in chief of Future Publishing’s group of cycling magazines and websites, including Cycling Plus, MBUK, What Mountain Bike and Procycling.

John has also written for Cyclist magazine, edited the BikeMagic website and was founding editor of TotalWomensCycling.com before handing over to someone far more representative of the site's main audience.

He joined road.cc in 2013. He lives in Cambridge where the lack of hills is more than made up for by the headwinds.

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105 comments

Avatar
flobble | 10 years ago
1 like

"It's not the first time, by the way, that these authors make this mistake."

"...this study is ... completely erroneous and misleading."

"..please be aware of the bias, spin and agenda..."

"The study is pointless bollax."

"What a weird piece of research."

etc, etc.

Dear moaners and whiners,

Rather than sit on your backsides and complain, how about (a) acknowledging that the researchers are trying to make themselves useful, (b) making a constructive, positive suggestion about how the research, article, coverage could be improved and then (c) actually *do* something to make it happen.

Otherwise, please just STFU.

Avatar
colinth replied to flobble | 10 years ago
0 likes
flobble wrote:

"It's not the first time, by the way, that these authors make this mistake."

"...this study is ... completely erroneous and misleading."

"..please be aware of the bias, spin and agenda..."

"The study is pointless bollax."

"What a weird piece of research."

etc, etc.

Dear moaners and whiners,

Rather than sit on your backsides and complain, how about (a) acknowledging that the researchers are trying to make themselves useful, (b) making a constructive, positive suggestion about how the research, article, coverage could be improved and then (c) actually *do* something to make it happen.

Otherwise, please just STFU.

What ? You're a "moaner and whiner" if you disagree with the usefulness and validity of the study ? I conduct my own "study" every time I ride, if some mug would like to give me some funding I'll base a phd around my riding experiences and publish y own study, which I'll be happy to take comment and criticism on.

I'm not sure which part of the world you're from but here in the UK if someone puts up an opinion you're entitled to comment on it and get this, even challenge it

Avatar
flobble replied to colinth | 10 years ago
0 likes
colinth wrote:

What ? You're a "moaner and whiner" if you disagree with the usefulness and validity of the study ? I conduct my own "study" every time I ride, if some mug would like to give me some funding I'll base a phd around my riding experiences and publish y own study, which I'll be happy to take comment and criticism on.

I'm not sure which part of the world you're from but here in the UK if someone puts up an opinion you're entitled to comment on it and get this, even challenge it

My personal philosophy: I respect people who actually *do* things in an attempt to make the world a better place (even if they get it wrong). I have little time for those who criticise (even if they're right), but fail to act to improve things. My concern is not the commenting or challenging (i.e. the easy part), it's the difficult bit thereafter that's missing.

Time now to stop wittering on the internet, and go and do something productive...

Avatar
colinth replied to flobble | 10 years ago
0 likes
flobble wrote:
colinth wrote:

What ? You're a "moaner and whiner" if you disagree with the usefulness and validity of the study ? I conduct my own "study" every time I ride, if some mug would like to give me some funding I'll base a phd around my riding experiences and publish y own study, which I'll be happy to take comment and criticism on.

I'm not sure which part of the world you're from but here in the UK if someone puts up an opinion you're entitled to comment on it and get this, even challenge it

My personal philosophy: I respect people who actually *do* things in an attempt to make the world a better place (even if they get it wrong). I have little time for those who criticise (even if they're right), but fail to act to improve things. My concern is not the commenting or challenging (i.e. the easy part), it's the difficult bit thereafter that's missing.

Time now to stop wittering on the internet, and go and do something productive...

So you respect people who "do" things even if they're wrong, have no time for critics, even if they're right, and make assumptions that those who criticise are doing nothing positive other than post on this forum. Nice to see you've thought things through clearly.

I'm off to conduct a study to prove that people driving badly is the result of latent tension created by the summer hose pipe ban in the home counties, which was a result of immigrants using "our" water. It'll be published in the Daily Mail soon. I look forward to your full support

Avatar
700c replied to flobble | 10 years ago
0 likes
flobble wrote:

"It's not the first time, by the way, that these authors make this mistake."

"...this study is ... completely erroneous and misleading."

"..please be aware of the bias, spin and agenda..."

"The study is pointless bollax."

"What a weird piece of research."

etc, etc.

Dear moaners and whiners,

Rather than sit on your backsides and complain, how about (a) acknowledging that the researchers are trying to make themselves useful, (b) making a constructive, positive suggestion about how the research, article, coverage could be improved and then (c) actually *do* something to make it happen.

Otherwise, please just STFU.

Thanks for your input. I think you are missing the point, however, that the study is not 'erroneous and misleading', but the conclusions drawn by the author of this article are.

Avatar
andyp | 10 years ago
0 likes

'However, they note that there is surprisingly little evidence that high-visibility clothing for cyclists and motorcyclists offers any safety benefits in daytime'

Pope in 'being catholic' shocker, ursines defecate in tree-rich areas.

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mikroos | 10 years ago
0 likes

One more thing: the person who designed this experiment is also the one that executed it and collected data (or at least this is how I understand it). Therefore it's not a "blind" experiment, which is a major flaw.

For example, we have no guarantee that the author didn't (intentionally or not) ride the bicycle less safely while in a hi-viz kit, which could lead to false results.

It's not the first time, by the way, that these authors make this mistake.

Avatar
banzicyclist2 | 10 years ago
0 likes

What about a BLUE flashing light ? in the sea of red light and Hi Vis yellow nothing makes the spinkter twitch like a blue light !

Just an idea I had while driving up the M6 last week. I'm not sure how legal it would be but I think a blue flashing light would stand out, and generally signals DANGER . . . POLICE . . . Risk of points on your licence !

What does anyone else think?  39

.

Avatar
PJ McNally replied to banzicyclist2 | 10 years ago
0 likes
banzicyclist2 wrote:

What about a BLUE flashing light?

Not legal, unless you're an emergency vehicle - Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1989 - also pretty obvious.

I've often wondered about using the green flashing "doctor on call" light. Has no authority to make people give way etc, but just might make them think.

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mikroos | 10 years ago
0 likes

Saying that there's little cyclists can do to avoid collision is simply untrue.

The solution is simple: just ride in the middle of your lane.

Whenever there's traffic on the adjacent lane, overtaking you is physically impossible if you ride in the middle of your lane. On the other hand, if you leave any space, 1-2% of drivers will try to overtake you anyway, knowingly jeopardizing your safety.

When the adjacent lane is empty, still keep to the middle of your lane. The cars behind you will have to drive wide to overtake you anyway so the chance they won't pass you leaving safe distance is smaller - and even if they do, you still have a lot of space for yourself and you can increase the distance in a split second.

But never, under any circumstances, be a jerk. No matter how heavy traffic is, let people overtake you once they slow down behind you and clearly let the driver behind you know they can pass you.

More on this topic: http://www.kochamrowery.pl/2013/08/bezpieczenstwo-kierowcy-jazda-srodkie... (written in Polish, feel free to translate it).

Works every time in my case.

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Kim replied to mikroos | 10 years ago
0 likes

Ian Walker has also tested that theory and shown that drivers pass closer to people cycling in the middle of the traffic lane than those cycling at the edge.

While taking the lane can reduce the number of left hooks (or right hooks for those on the European mainland is places without decent infrastructure), it does increase the risk of side swipe and punishment passes, so overall is no safer.

To really make the road safe requires better infrastructure, better legal protection and strict enforcement.

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gmac101 | 10 years ago
0 likes

On my commute I have found that my closest calls with cars come at junctions, particularly roundabouts, mostly SMIDSY's.

The one thing I have found, like Ridgeback rambler, that has made a difference is leaving my lights on day and night.

Perhaps the Dr's Ian can look into that for their next paper

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Ridgebackrambler | 10 years ago
0 likes

Just anecdotally, I've noticed the opposite. It seems to me that motorists give me more space when either I have lights on during the day or I'm wearing some form of high-viz clothing but maybe it's the cute wobble I also do!

Incidentally much of my cycling is done on back country roads and I'm amazed at the number of motorists who overtake on blind bends etc and then rather than terminate the manoeuvre when they see a car coming the other way, feel that's it OK to squeeze the poor cyclist into a ditch. There definitely needs to be an education campaign.

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comm88 | 10 years ago
0 likes

What can you do when you're togged up in broad daylight with your hi viz sharp yellow jacket clearly visible and some fat old tart in a people carrier passes you within a loaf of bread's touching distance going uphill with a clear lane in front and 300m of clear visibility coming down the other away?

You gesture pointedly to the other unoccupied free lane and she stops in the road angling her vehicle so you can't get past inside or out without exposing yourself to imminent danger (it's very a fast hill coming down!) so that she can harangue you in front of her aged old mother and tell you that you were in the "middle of her lane" and "you cyclists are supposed to ride next to the kerb." Sure thing, cos that's where the potholes are, along with the detritus and debris of motoring and all the winter shale that so easily pierces your tyres. 600mm from the kerb is fine by Nicola Cooke and damn it - she should know!

All I said was: "Couldn't you see me? Just give me a bit more room!" It finished with me wishing that: "I sincerely hope your children are better behaved than you are."

But of course it fell on stoney ground. After all, she has the killer vehicle and by (her) definition has the absolute right of the road.

You can't argue safely with a woman (or man) who displays a serious lack of concern, or consideration and has the blaze of "I'll do you damage" in their eyes - whether you're in hi viz gear, or not!! You just shut up and cycle on, hoping she doesn't hurt anyone and, at some point, gets her comeuppance. But they never do, do they?

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shay cycles | 10 years ago
0 likes

Seems to me that people always have put too much faith in hi-vis. Research around motorcycles finds that it isn't really very useful.

I wear bright but contrasting colours, a bright yellow helmet with reflectives on it, I have awesome lights including some on my helmet, I always (yes always - just like when I'm driving) stop at red lights and I ride in good visible positions, make my intentions clear etc. BUT still they don't see.

I think I have the solution to being seen.

I need to wear black trousers, a black hoody, headphones, no lights, no helmet and ride on pavements except when jumping red lights; then miraculously, all of the drivers will see me, and even write to their papers about me and ALL the other cyclists!

 3

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Furry Mommy | 10 years ago
0 likes

This is what I replied to the Road.cc Face Book thread on hi-viz:

"Mmmm...as can be seen from my profile shot, I do wear hi-viz whenever I cycle and while I agree that all cyclists "should" wear some form of hi-viz while cycling, I can really see this going pear shaped far too quickly...!!

Can you imagine the DfT regulations for this:-

1) how much (as a percentage) of a cyclist must have hi-viz clothing worn, when cycling...and should there be a difference for day time / night time riding??

2) should there be a British/ European Standard applied to hi-viz cycling clothing, as in to just "how visible" it is and at what distances it can be differentiated from??

3) if you're not wearing such suitable clothing and you are involved in an accident, how much of the blame should the cyclist share??

3) knowing the DfT how often would this be reviewed to reflect (pardon the pun!?) changes in technology etc??

And I could go on ad nauseam...but personally any cyclist that doesn't wear a at least one item of clothing that is either hi-viz or reflective while cycling on the roads of the UK is being a bit silly...especially in low light or poor weather conditions.

Never the less, even though I am lit up like a Belisha beacon (especially at night), wearing all sorts of hi-viz and >1,000 lumens of front lights and >200lumens of rear lights...motorists either still fail to see me, cannot judge my speed/distance away from them or simply don't give a tinkers cuss is still rather surprising!!

Though admittedly with my motorist's cap on (and not a lid)...often that little bit of hi-viz, reflectives etc that is worn by a cyclist does give me that much more time to calculate what can be done (safely), check the road ahead, slow down, accelerate to overtake (if safe to do so) etc...etc BUT at 30mph this can give me about 15yds a second to make up my mind...so therefore the greater time and distance a motorist has to see a cyclist makes that decision making process a darned sight safer!!

Seriously do the maths...if you can give a motorist 5 or even 10 seconds extra to decide what to do when approaching a cyclist - that is a significant distance, even at 30mph!!

As to lids...well I've commented enough on that one over the years, I think that they should be worn but they are NOT the cycling safety panacea that too many people believe them to be!"

Personally I do believe that wearing hi-viz and reflectives to be more important than wearing a lid as a safety precaution even with the results of this research...though this could be because I am have always cycled even though I passed my driving test in the 80's - and now cycle at least twice the mileage I drive!

Avatar
Joeinpoole replied to Furry Mommy | 10 years ago
1 like
Furry Mommy wrote:

...but personally any cyclist that doesn't wear a at least one item of clothing that is either hi-viz or reflective while cycling on the roads of the UK is being a bit silly...

Go ride your bike in Holland or Denmark, the safest countries for cycling on earth by a country-mile, whilst wearing *your* precious helmet and *your* mandatory hi-viz ... and then reflect on how silly you will look amongst the charming Dutch/Danish girls riding their bikes in floral-print dresses with their beautiful blonde locks flowing in the breeze. You will undoubtedly look like the plonker you sound.

Avatar
a.jumper replied to Furry Mommy | 10 years ago
0 likes
Furry Mommy wrote:

And I could go on ad nauseam...but personally any cyclist that doesn't wear a at least one item of clothing that is either hi-viz or reflective while cycling on the roads of the UK is being a bit silly...especially in low light or poor weather conditions.

There's little evidence for hi-vis and I've red reflective tape on much of the back of my bike, as well as the standard reflector and light. I feel that's much better because it's always there and doesn't depend on whether I was expecting to ride when I picked up my coat.

Also, all reflective clothing I've seen shows WHITE to the REAR which is just confusing and wrong. White should be for the front, not the back.

Furry Mommy wrote:

Never the less, even though I am lit up like a Belisha beacon (especially at night), wearing all sorts of hi-viz and >1,000 lumens of front lights and >200lumens of rear lights...motorists either still fail to see me, cannot judge my speed/distance away from them or simply don't give a tinkers cuss is still rather surprising!!

It depends where those 1000 and 200 lumens are being directed, but it sounds like they might be dazzled! Also, is that back light a hard-to-estimate point source or an easier-to-judge bar like a Toplight Line or Lumiring?

Avatar
700c | 10 years ago
0 likes

A close pass by a driver who has seen you won't harm you. Being taken out from behind by a driver who hasn't seen you probably will.

Wearing high visibility clothing might just make the difference between being seen or not, by an inattentive driver.

The authors assertion that this study is 'a very strong indication that you're not safer wearing high vis in the daytime' is completely erroneous and misleading.

I'm not sure what the agenda is here from road cc, but I suspect it's a reaction to recent calls for helmets, headphones, high vis etc for cyclists, which may be deemed as 'victim blaming' by some here in the context of recent deaths. This attitude is not helpful to our cause.

I'm not against anyone wearing dull clothes, headphones or going bare-headed when they ride, but publishing these articles with a misleading spin to them is not responsible or helpful.

Road cc can be a great source of entertainment and information but please be aware of the bias, spin and agenda pursued by certain authors on here when you come to read 'news' articles like these.

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benb replied to 700c | 10 years ago
0 likes
700c wrote:

A close pass by a driver who has seen you won't harm you. ...

That's not true. What if you hit (or had to swerve around) a pothole? What if you hit a patch of oil? What if there was a sudden gust of crosswind?

The point of overtaking widely is so that if the cyclist unexpectedly swerves or falls of, the overtaking vehicle still won't hit them.

Avatar
700c replied to benb | 10 years ago
0 likes
benb wrote:
700c wrote:

A close pass by a driver who has seen you won't harm you. ...

That's not true. What if you hit (or had to swerve around) a pothole? What if you hit a patch of oil? What if there was a sudden gust of crosswind?

The point of overtaking widely is so that if the cyclist unexpectedly swerves or falls of, the overtaking vehicle still won't hit them.

You've quoted me out of context but ok, I completely understand how a close pass could be dangerous, -this is poor driving, and they'll do that whatever you wear, as per the study

- but the point is AT LEAST THEY'VE SEEN YOU. Wearing high visibility may just make the difference in this regard, so saying high vis has no benefit for rider safety is totally misleading.

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colinth | 10 years ago
0 likes

The study is pointless bollax. I don't wear hi-vis because I think I'll get passed safely, I wear it so that the drivers who don't think to look for cyclists will see me, so hopefully avoiding smidsy's. I don't know anyone who wears hi-vis for any other reason than to be seen.

Mate of mine is a research scientist for a major drug company, he was telling me last week about how much pointless study is done because some idiot is willing to give phd's funding. You don't need hours of study or thousands of pounds of funding to work out that you can see a cyclist rom further away if he's wearing hi-vis.

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badback | 10 years ago
0 likes

This Tweet backs up the study's finding to a degree: https://twitter.com/niroads/status/405322909649891328/photo/1

If professional drivers can't see a bridge what hope has a humble cyclist got ?

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Leviathan | 10 years ago
0 likes

Saeco, sweet. Classic kit, 2002 I think. I love Red Thursdays.

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giff77 replied to Leviathan | 10 years ago
1 like
bikeboy76 wrote:

Saeco, sweet. Classic kit, 2002 I think. I love Red Thursdays.

Bike boy you need to get out more often  3

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nick h. | 10 years ago
0 likes

This is why I consider a really good mirror (e.g. the Mirrycle) to be more valuable than a helmet or hi-vis clothing. You can check all the overtaking vehicles without losing concentration on what's happening in front of you. Looking over your shoulder is a poor substitute.

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Denis B replied to nick h. | 10 years ago
0 likes

I have Mirrycle mirrors on all my bikes. A good mirror is probably the most underrated piece of safety equipment you can have on your bike for daytime riding. I ride quite often on a short section of the Trans Canada Highway here in Sault Ste Marie when riding to the east. Although the speed limit is 70 kph motor vehicle speeds are typically 80 - 90 kph. Shoulder checking simply does not allow me to see far enough behind prior to moving over to make a left turn (which is like making a right turn in the U.K.).

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Denis B replied to nick h. | 10 years ago
0 likes

I have Mirrycle mirrors on all my bikes. A good mirror is probably the most underrated piece of safety equipment you can have on your bike for daytime riding. I ride quite often on a short section of the Trans Canada Highway here in Sault Ste Marie when riding to the east. Although the speed limit is 70 kph motor vehicle speeds are typically 80 - 90 kph. Shoulder checking simply does not allow me to see far enough behind prior to moving over to make a left turn (which is like making a right turn in the U.K.).

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GoingRoundInCycles | 10 years ago
0 likes

"High vis clothing doesn't make cars pass you more safely, says new study"

What a weird piece of research. Does anyone seriously wear Hi-Vis because they think they will be overtaken with more courtesy?

Why not, get guinea pigs to take a drive in a simulator. Don't tell them the real purpose of the research so that they are not especially on the look out for anything. Project footage of cyclists riding in a variety of traffic and weather conditions onto the screen and into the rear view and side mirrors. Use eye tracking hardware/software to detect how quickly drivers notice them. See if there is a significant difference in response times dependant on the clothing the cyclist is wearing. Make sure you include colour blind drivers as well.

That might answer a real question.

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OldRidgeback | 10 years ago
0 likes

Idiot in a Vauxhall shot past me this evening with a bout 30cm to spare. I noted the car had a baby onboard sticker int he window, so asking others to look out for the vehicle and be careful, but not giving a stuff about anyone else in other words. I caught it up at the next set of lights of course, and considered giving the driver a few suggestions on safe driving techniques, but then couldn't be arsed.

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